The Romans captured 6,000 slaves in the final battle. Hemmed in by Crassus’s eight legions, Spartacus’s army divided. Spartacus defeated the two consuls for the year 72 and fought his way northward toward the Alps, hoping to be able to disperse his soldiers to their homelands once they were outside Italy. Around 130 BC there had been a huge, sustained Genner, Michael. But Spartacus' body was never found. Spartacus is thought to have been killed in the battle. In the end, his life serves as an object lesson that past-their-prime billionaires who made their fortunes off crooked real estate deals probably shouldn't invade Iran. Appian and Florus write that he intended to march on Rome itself. Pompey’s army intercepted and killed many slaves who were escaping northward, and 6,000 prisoners were crucified by Crassus along the Appian Way. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. There is a real possibility that the success of the Thracian gladiator and his many victories so impressed the Romans that they adopted a new strategy to prevent future insurrections. "Spartakus. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Spartacus-Roman-gladiator, Spartacus - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Spartacus (Greek: Σπάρτακος Spártakos; Latin: Spartacus; c. 111–71 BC) was a Thracian gladiator who, along with Crixus, Gannicus, Castus, and Oenomaus, was one of the escaped slave leaders in the Third Servile War, a major slave uprising against the Roman Republic. Crassus was put in charge of eight legions, approximately 40,000 trained Roman soldiers,[36][failed verification][37] which he treated with harsh, even brutal discipline, reviving the punishment "decimation" on units. The Spartakiad was a Soviet bloc version of the Olympic games. 71 BC) was a gladiator of Thracian origin, lived in the Roman Republic and was the leader of the most famous slave revolt in Ancient Rome, known as " Third Servile War "," Slave War "or" Gladiator War ".Spartacus led, during the revolt, a rebel army that had almost 40,000 ex-slaves. Italy had unprecedented wealth, including over 1 million slaves. Spartacus (died 71 BC) He was sold into slavery and trained at the gladiatorial school in Capua, north of Naples. The real Spartacus was a freeborn provincial from Thrace, who may have served as an auxiliary in the Roman army in Macedonia. I am especially saddened that he passed away at such a young age (39 years old). According to the differing sources and their interpretation, Spartacus was a captive taken by the legions. The star, who was born in … Spartacus body was never found, however most historians agree that he was killed on the battlefield. In 71 B.C.E., at a final battle, Spartacus and his men made a desperate lunge toward Crassus himself, hoping that perhaps Crassus's death might save the rebellion. They were surprised when Spartacus, who had made ropes from vi… Florus described him as one "who, from a Thracian mercenary, had become a Roman soldier, that had deserted and became enslaved, and afterward, from consideration of his strength, a gladiator". [17] In 73 BC, Spartacus was among a group of gladiators plotting an escape. [7] The authors refer to the Thracian tribe of the Maedi,[8][9][10] which occupied the area on the southwestern fringes of Thrace, along its border with the Roman province of Macedonia – present day south-western Bulgaria. He was a heavyweight gladiator called a murmillo. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. [45] Spartacus now turned his forces around and brought his entire strength to bear on the legions in a last stand, in which the rebels were routed completely, with the vast majority of them being killed on the battlefield.[46]. [3], The Greek essayist Plutarch describes Spartacus as "a Thracian of Nomadic stock",[4] in a possible reference to the Maedi tribe. The name Spartacus is otherwise manifested in the Black Sea region. [5] Appian says he was "a Thracian by birth, who had once served as a soldier with the Romans, but had since been a prisoner and sold for a gladiator".[6]. Some 6,000 survivors were hunted down and crucified as a warning to other would-be rebels. In many ways, however, the real story of the series Spartacus unfolded off-screen. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Know the courageous life and leader of the Gladiatorial War, Spartacus. By the end of 71 BC, Spartacus was encamped in Rhegium (Reggio Calabria), near the Strait of Messina. Based on the events in late 73 BC and early 72 BC, which suggest independently operating groups of escaped slaves[51] and a statement by Plutarch, it appears that some of the escaped slaves preferred to plunder Italy, rather than escape over the Alps. Andy Whitfield, the British star of US TV drama Spartacus: Blood and Sand, has died at the age of 39. Crassus's legions followed and upon arrival built fortifications across the isthmus at Rhegium,[citation needed] despite harassing raids from the rebels. [11] Plutarch also writes that Spartacus' wife, a prophetess of the Maedi tribe, was enslaved with him. Around 6,000 men survived the battle but were later captured and crucified by … While little is known about Spartacus's early life, it is believed that he was born in Thrace (in the Balkans). "[26] Of the people who fought in Spartacus' army, it shows that the revolt did not have the goal of freeing all slaves. It's a rallying cry to this day, people together for a common cause, acting as one. Spartacus: History of Gladiator Revolt Leader | Live Science These fighters carried a large oblong shield (scutum), and used a sword with a broad, straight blade (gladius), about 18 inches long. Back in 2010, the Starz network was struggling to pull … Although Crassus would ultimately defeat the Spartacus rebellion, Pompey would claim credit for the act, fueling his own rise to the apex of Roman politics. The rural slave lived a life in the frontier thus better equipping themselves to march with Spartacus' army. [29] The two legions were initially successful—defeating a group of 30,000 rebels commanded by Crixus near Mount Garganus[30]—but then were defeated by Spartacus. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. These defeats are depicted in divergent ways by the two most comprehensive (extant) histories of the war by Appian and Plutarch.[31][32][33][34]. Spartacus's name was also used in athletics in the Soviet Union and communist states of Central and Eastern Europe. Although Roman authors assumed that the escaped slaves were a homogeneous group with Spartacus as their leader, they may have projected their own hierarchical view of military leadership onto the spontaneous organization, reducing other slave leaders to subordinate positions in their accounts. Spartacus Boss on Series Finale Deaths, Survivors and More Burning Questions. However, he was betrayed by the pirates, who took payment and then abandoned the rebels. This rebellion, interpreted by some as an example of oppressed people fighting for their freedom against a slave-owning oligarchy, has provided inspiration for many political thinkers, and has been featured in literature, television, and film. He deserted the army, was outlawed, captured, sold into slavery, and trained at the gladiatorial school of Batiatus in Capua. Several sports clubs around the world, in particular the former Soviet and the Communist bloc, were named after the Roman gladiator. [28] The distance between these locations and the subsequent events indicate that the slaves operated in two groups commanded by the remaining leaders Spartacus and Crixus. Furthermore, the Romans considered the rebellion more of a policing matter than a war. They were surprised when Spartacus, who had made ropes from vines, climbed down the cliff side of the volcano with his men and attacked the unfortified Roman camp in the rear, killing most of them.[22]. Spartacus most likely died during the final battle against Crassus, along the River Silarus (the modern Sele River in Campania). In this area, since 1899, there have been finds of armour and swords of the Roman era. [35] When Spartacus and his followers, who for unclear reasons had retreated to the south of Italy, moved northward again in early 71 BC, Crassus deployed six of his legions on the borders of the region and detached his legate Mummius with two legions to maneuver behind Spartacus. [25] Of the slaves that joined Spartacus ranks, they were from the countryside. [23] With these successes, more and more slaves flocked to the Spartacan forces, as did "many of the herdsmen and shepherds of the region", swelling their ranks to some 70,000. Andy Whitfield, the British star of US TV drama Spartacus: Blood and Sand, has died at the age of 39. Spartacus led the third and largest slave revolt against Rome. Spartacus is thought to have been killed in the battle. [40], At this time, the legions of Pompey returned from Hispania and were ordered by the Senate to head south to aid Crassus. It surrounds the real man cast to play the hero. A Thracian by birth, Spartacus served in the Roman army, perhaps deserted, led bandit raids, and was caught and sold as a slave. [55] Spartacus has been a great inspiration to left-wing revolutionaries, most notably the German Spartacus League (1915–18), a forerunner of the Communist Party of Germany. After defeating two Roman forces in succession, the rebels overran most of southern Italy. [50] Appian also states that he later abandoned that goal, which might have been no more than a reflection of Roman fears. How exactly he died is as good a guess as any. Ultimately their numbers grew to at least 90,000. This page was last edited on 7 May 2021, at 11:06. Spartacus escaped in 73 BC and took refuge on nearby Mount Vesuvius, where large numbers of other escaped slaves joined him. In short, behind the macho figure of Spartacus there was a woman. Little is known about his life before he became one of the slave leaders in the Third Servile War, the slave uprising war against the Roman Republic. Karl Marx listed Spartacus as one of his heroes and described him as "the most splendid fellow in the whole of ancient history" and a "great general, noble character, real representative of the ancient proletariat". Spartacus may have served in the Roman Army. Spartacus was born in Thrace, an area where the modern-day Balkans states, including Turkey, Bulgaria, and Greece, are located.Though little is known about Spartacus’ early life, historians believe he may once have served in the Roman army.. Spartacus was sold into slavery, perhaps due to rebellion against or desertion from the army. The rebels were now under siege and cut off from their supplies. However, there is no confirmation of this, as Spartacus’ body was never discovered. Crixus, who is said to have fought bravely in a losing effort, was killed in the conflict. There was a conscious effort by the elite to treat their slaves in a more humane way to prevent a repeat of Spartacus … His army of nearly 100,000 overran most of southern Italy and fought its way up the entire length of the Italian Peninsula to the Alps. [52][53], Adam Weishaupt, founder of the Bavarian Illuminati, often referred to himself as Spartacus within written correspondences.[54]. [56] A January 1919 uprising by communists in Germany was called the Spartacist uprising. However, Spartacus was cut down and the rebel army was crushed. Spartacus was believed to have died in this battle. We learn some interesting information. [38] After this, Crassus's legions were victorious in several engagements, forcing Spartacus farther south through Lucania as Crassus gained the upper hand. The iconic scene at the end of Kirk Douglas's take on the character sees his defeated companions stand, one by one, and declare, "I am Spartacus." Its economy was reliant on slave labour, and its diffuse political structure (which didn’t yet have a single leader) was profoundly unstable. The muscled actor succumbed to … According to Plutarch, Spartacus made a bargain with Cilician pirates to transport him and some 2,000 of his men to Sicily, where he intended to incite a slave revolt and gather reinforcements. [27] They spent the winter of 73–72 BC training, arming and equipping their new recruits, and expanding their raiding territory to include the towns of Nola, Nuceria, Thurii and Metapontum. Updates? http://keithmassey.com/ In this video, I discuss the primary text which describes the death of Spartacus and reflect on what may have happened. [49] If escaping the Italian peninsula was indeed his goal, it is not clear why Spartacus turned south after defeating the legions commanded by the consuls Lucius Publicola and Gnaeus Clodianus, which left his force a clear passage over the Alps. The epic Spartacus finale brought the expected bloodshed, but also tears. He was a fine actor and I really enjoyed watching him in his role as Spartacus. The response of the Romans was hampered by the absence of the Roman legions, which were already engaged in fighting a revolt in Spain and the Third Mithridatic War. He then turned back south in an effort to reach Sicily but was defeated by Marcus Licinius Crassus. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. The rebels also defeated a second expedition, nearly capturing the praetor commander, killing his lieutenants and seizing the military equipment. [39] Spartacus's forces then retreated toward Rhegium. Furthermore, the Romans considered the rebellion more of a policing matter than a war. It is so ironic that the real life Spartacus was 38 when he died at the hands of the Romans. The chroniclers Appian and Plutarch provide the greatest detail about Spartacus's final battle against Crassus. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [2] Although this interpretation is not specifically contradicted by classical historians, no historical account mentions that the goal was to end slavery in the Republic. However, according to Cicero (Ad Atticum VI, ii, 8) at the beginning his followers were much less than 50. communist states of Central and Eastern Europe, Jeff Wayne's Musical Version of Spartacus, "Tribes, Dynasts and Kingdoms of Northern Greece: History and Numismatics", "AUSXIP Spartacus: Blood and Sand TV Show Lucy Lawless Sam Raimi & Rob Tapert", https://www.radiotimes.com/tv-programme/e/ctbn8d/outnumbered--s5-e6-spartacus-the-musical/, "DC's Legends of Tomorrow: Shawn Roberts in an unexpected guest appearance", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spartacus&oldid=1021913385, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011, Articles with failed verification from October 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2013, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Spartak Odesa, a football team competed in the, Spartak Kharkiv, a football team competed in the, The "Spartacus Overture" was written by composer. Similarly, where was Spartacus defeated? Two volumes. Spartacus did not survive the final battle with the Romans. Rome dispatched militia under the command of praetor Gaius Claudius Glaber, who besieged Spartacus and his camp on Mount Vesuvius, hoping that starvation would force Spartacus to surrender. Spartacus Set Viewership Records For Starz. Although six thousand of his men were crucified afterwards, Spartacus was not, because his body was never found. In 71 B.C., General Marcus Licinius Crassus defeated the rebel army at Lucania, about 56 kilometers (35 miles) southeast of Naples. Spartacus, on hearing of the defeat of Crixus and his forces, held mock gladiatorial games, in which he forced captured Roman soldiers to fight to the death. Spartacus's name was chosen in numerous football sides in Slavic Europe. Andy Whitfield, star of the Starz Entertainment sword-and-sandal series "Spartacus," died in Australia on Sunday at the age of 39. When his men refused to leave Italy, he returned to Lucania and sought to cross his forces over to Sicily but was thwarted by the new Roman commander sent against him, Marcus Licinius Crassus. [41] While Crassus feared that Pompey's arrival would cost him the credit, Spartacus unsuccessfully tried to reach an agreement with Crassus. To say that would be going beyond the evidence, but she certainly added to his mystique. They crucified all 6,000 along a road called the Appian Way that went from Rome to Capua where the rebellion first began. Also to know is, how did Spartacus die in real life? It is likely that he actually served in the Roman Army, though it is unclear why he left. Spartacus is said to have tried to engage Crassus directly but was wounded and driven to one knee. https://dailyhistory.org/How_accurate_is_Stanley_Kubrick's_'Spartacus'? Spartacus leading the rebels … Five out of twenty Kings of the Thracian Spartocid dynasty of the Cimmerian Bosporus[12] and Pontus[13] are known to have borne it, and a Thracian "Sparta" "Spardacus"[14] or "Sparadokos",[15] father of Seuthes I of the Odrysae, is also known. Plutarch writes that Spartacus wished to escape north into Cisalpine Gaul and disperse his men back to their homes. Died: Believed in 71 BCE at Rhenium; Early Life . [24] At its height Spartacus led an army derived of many different people, Celts, Gauls, and more. However, all sources agree that he was a former gladiator and an accomplished military leader. Did she actually inspire Spartacus’s revolt? Spartacus summary: Spartacus was a Thracian gladiator. Conditions were ripe for a massive slave revolt. [38] Minor sources mention that there were some attempts at raft and shipbuilding by the rebels as a means to escape, but that Crassus took unspecified measures to ensure the rebels could not cross to Sicily, and their efforts were abandoned. he keeps his hair shorter, similar to Spartacus, and wears similar makeshift clothing.During What happened to Spartacus in real life? He died fighting. Thracian gladiator who led a slave uprising, harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFStrauss2009 (. Little is known about him beyond the events of the war, and surviving historical accounts are sometimes contradictory. But whether or not the moment actually happened in history, we're still asking: Who was Spartacus?Novels, television, movies only give us hints. With about 70 fellow gladiators he escaped a gladiatorial training school at Capua in 73 and took refuge on Mount Vesuvius, where other runaway slaves joined the band. Indeed, slave rebellions were not uncommon. Alarmed at the continued threat posed by the slaves, the Senate charged Marcus Licinius Crassus, the wealthiest man in Rome and the only volunteer for the position,[35] with ending the rebellion. The mascot for the Ottawa Senators, Spartacat, is also named after him. It is speculated that he died at the end of the Third Servile War when Marcus Crassus’ forces finally overwhelmed Spartacus’ soldiers. [16] Spartacus was trained at the gladiatorial school (ludus) near Capua belonging to Lentulus Batiatus. [53] Spartacus Books, one of the longest running collectively-run leftist book stores in North America, is also named in his honour. Though the rebels lacked military training, they displayed a skilful use of available local materials and unusual tactics when facing the disciplined Roman armies. Although his uprising was not an attempt at social revolution, his name has frequently been invoked by revolutionaries such as Adam Weishaupt in the late 18th century and Karl Liebknecht, Rosa Luxemburg, and the other members of the German Spartacus League of 1916–19. Though ordered not to engage the rebels, Mummius attacked at a seemingly opportune moment but was routed. Whitfield died on Sunday in Sydney, Australia, 18 months after being diagnosed with non … [citation needed], In the spring of 72 BC, the rebels left their winter encampments and began to move northward. Paperback. Around 6,000 of his followers who escaped were hunted down and crucified. Classical historians were divided as to the motives of Spartacus. The Finale Was ‘300,’ ‘Gladiator’ & ‘Braveheart’ All Rolled Into One! Also due to Social War, some of Spartacus' ranks were legion veterans. 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